Wrist-Enhanced Instrumentation: Moving Toward Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Utz Kappert, MD, Jens Schneider, MD, Romuald Cichon, MD, Βασίλης Γουλιέλμος MD,
Klaus Matschke, MD, Sems M. Tugtekin, MD, and Stephan Schu¨ ler, MD, PhD
Cardiovascular Institute, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Background. With the introduction of the da Vinci robotic surgical system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA) into minimally invasive cardiac operations the outlook for performing coronary artery bypass operations “closed chest” became a reality.
